Changes in the Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Carinthia, Austria, 2012–2023

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver malignancy. Worldwide, HCC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in adults. Liver cancer is currently the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Many changes in the epidemiology and underlying etiology of HCC have taken place in recent years. In industrialized countries, NAFLD/NASH has been playing an increasingly important role in the development of HCC. Despite major advances in the systemic medical management and availability of immunotherapy, no marked improvement in overall survival time has been found over the past decade. Abstract Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths and remains a major burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The incidence of HCC continues to rise globally, despite preventative efforts being made. Aims: This study aimed to investigate epidemiological changes observed in the etiology and survival outcomes of HCC patients at Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee between 2012 and 2023. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. Two time-periods (2012–2017 and 2018–2023) were created to enable comparison between the respective intervals. IBM SPSS was used to analyze statistical data. Results: More patients were diagnosed with HCC during the second time period (n = 128, n = 148). The median age of diagnosis was 72.5 years (SD 8.6). Patients were on average 2 years younger in the second time period compared to the first (p = 0.042). Alcohol remained the leading underlying etiology of HCC and no statistically significant change was seen over time (p = 0.353). Nevertheless, a clear upward trend in the number of NASH cases was evident over time (n = 15, n = 28, respectively). Nearly half of the patient population had a normal AFP (<7 µg/L) level at the time of diagnosis (n = 116, 42.6%). The survival time for HCC patients remained similar between time periods, with a median overall survival time of 20.5 months (95% CI 16.8–24.2, p = 0.841), despite improvements in management strategies and the availability of new systemic treatments. More advanced-stage HCC cases were documented in the second period (BCLC-C, n = 23 to n = 46, p = 0.051). An increased number of HCC patients without liver cirrhosis were identified during the second time period (n = 22, n= 47, respectively, p = 0.005). NASH was the most common underlying etiology in patients without liver cirrhosis (50%) compared to alcohol use in being the primary cause in cirrhotic patients (65%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: HCC continues to be an important health concern in our society. The number of HCC patients without liver cirrhosis is steadily increasing, with NAFLD/NASH, due to underlying lifestyle diseases playing an important etiological role. Continued efforts should be made to prevent HCC and to screen at-risk population groups. Preventative strategies and screening techniques should be adjusted in light of the changing epidemiological landscape of HCC, where more focus will have to be placed on detecting HCC in patients without underlying cirrhosis.


Introduction 1.Background and Epidemiology
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver malignancy.The majority (90%) of primary liver cancer cases are attributed to HCC [1,2].Worldwide, HCC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in adults.According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN), a total of 905,677 new cases of liver cancer and 830,180 deaths due to liver cancer were recorded in 2020.This accounts for 4.7% of all new cancer cases in 2020 and 8.3% of all cancer-related deaths [3].Liver cancer is currently the sixth most common cancer worldwide.It is predicted that the number of new cases of primary liver cancer will rise drastically between 2020 and 2040.1.4 million new diagnoses are anticipated to occur in 2040 [4].

Etiology and Risk Factors
HCC mainly develops in the setting of underlying liver cirrhosis [1].Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still the leading underlying cause of HCC globally, due to its high prevalence in Asia and Africa [1].Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is another important virological cause of liver cirrhosis, especially in Northern Africa and Asia [5].In recent years, the use of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy has shown very promising results in reducing the risk of HCC development.In patients with a sustained virological response (undetectable HCV RNA, 6 months after completing treatment), the risk of HCC development reduces by 50-80% [6].In the West, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), associated with metabolic lifestyle diseases, are rapidly becoming major role-players in the etiological development of HCC [2].HCC may develop without the presence of liver cirrhosis in an estimated 20-30% of NASH cases [7].Chronic alcohol use disorder is another well-known risk factor for liver cirrhosis.The estimated risk of developing HCC in patients with decompensated cirrhosis due to alcohol use is around 1% per year [8].

HCC in Austria
Between 2010 and 2018, a total of 7146 individuals were diagnosed with HCC in Austria, of which 75% were male and 25% were female [9].A total number of 1114 new liver cancer cases were documented in the 2020 GLOBOCAN database, with 993 deaths reported.Liver cancer ranked as the 14th most commonly diagnosed cancer and obtained the 6th place for highest number of deaths caused by cancer in Austria [10].
In Austria, alcohol remains the predominant cause of liver cirrhosis.According to the textbook of alcohol in Austria, the number of hospital admissions for alcohol dependency have however steadily declined over the past decade [11].

Staging Systems
The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system is the most frequently used staging tool in clinical practice today.The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) recommends the updated BCLC staging system for the prediction of prognosis and the allocation of appropriate treatment [12].In the 2022 version of the BCLC model, liver function is determined more thoroughly and not just through the conventional Child-Pugh classification.The albumin-bilirubin score and AFP concentration are examples of the additions made to better determine compensated liver function.
Furthermore, newly established therapeutic options in systemic therapies have been included.Between 2018 and 2019, the IMbrave150 trail compared Sorafenib to the Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab combination and proved a better overall survival rate with the latter treatment strategy [13].

Study Objectives
In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes observed in the epidemiology and etiology of HCC at Klinikum Klagenfurt between 2012 and 2023.
A rise in NAFLD/NASH leading to HCC has been observed in other developed countries with limited data available on the incidence of NASH within our more rural region [2].We therefore aimed to examine the changes in underlying etiology of HCC to determine whether this is also true in our setting.If a change in the incidence of etiological factors has occurred, it could mean that a gap in current screening programs may exist.
We furthermore aimed to investigate the survival outcome and prognostic parameters in rural HCC patients.We also aimed to investigate whether or not overall survival has improved over time, after immunotherapeutic agents and more TKI therapies became widely available in 2018.
Given that the incidence of HCC is rising worldwide, with HCC having a poor prognosis when diagnosed at a late stage, epidemiological data should be used to improve prevention strategies by providing the necessary information in which patient surveillance is lacking.

Single-Centre Cohort Study
This was a single-center cohort study at Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee in Austria.Klinikum Klagenfurt acts as a tertiary hospital for the province of Carinthia and serves a large rural drainage area.Data were obtained retrospectively from the hospital's clinical information software system and the laboratory results were acquired from the hospital's electronic system.Each patient's electronic file was reviewed individually in order to obtain the desired datapoints.Data were collected in an Excel database and kept anonymous by allocating numbers to patient names.
Several patient characteristics (age, sex, BMI, time of HCC diagnosis, comorbidities, date of last follow-up or death), clinical features (ascites, ECOG performance status, presence of hepatic encephalopathy), tumor characteristics (size and number of nodules, focality, macrovascular invasion, distant or lymph-node metastases, histological grading), laboratory values (alpha-fetoprotein in µg/L, albumin in g/dL, bilirubin in mg/dL, INR and prothrombin time, C-reactive protein in mg/dl, thrombocytes in G/L aspartate transaminase in U/L, alanine transaminase in U/L), and therapeutic treatments for HCC were documented.
Two time periods were established to evaluate the changes in epidemiology and survival.The first time period included all patients diagnosed with HCC from January 2012 until the end of 2017 and the second comprised patients diagnosed between the beginning of 2018 until February 2023.In 2018, a marked change in the systemic medical management of HCC started to take place and 2018 was therefore used as the cutoff for comparison.By creating two time periods, we were able to compare changes in etiology and survival outcomes that had occurred over time.We therefore needed to create two time periods in order to comment on whether or not change had occurred.Regarding survival outcome, we first calculated the survival time for the cohort as a whole to provide a general overview; thereafter, we analyzed the changes that occurred over time.
Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed by means of radiology (ultrasound, CT, MRI), laboratory parameters according to Baveno, Fibroscan, or histologically.First-line treatment was divided into five categories: surgical, which consisted of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and partial hepatectomies; interventional therapy, which included ablation techniques with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA); and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).The fourth category consisted of patients who had received systemic therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors or other immunotherapies) as a first-line treatment, and the fifth category included patients who had received best supportive care as first-line treatment.All patients above the age of 18 diagnosed with HCC either histologically by means of a liver biopsy or through multiphase imaging techniques (quadruple-phase CT or contrastenhanced MRI) were captured in our data collection.Patients with mixed HCC and biliary tract cancers (BTCs) and patients with missing data vital to our study aim were excluded from our study population.

Statistics
The IBM SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the captured data from the selected patient population.Nominal data were shown as absolute numbers (n) and percentages (%) and numerical data were presented as the median with the standard deviation range included.Pearson's chi-square test was applied to analyze categorical data and to determine how likely it was for differences between datasets to occur due to chance.A p-value of <0.050 was seen as statistically significant.Cox regression analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to estimate and analyze survival probability.
This retrospective data analysis was approved by the local ethics committee (EK A30/18).

Results
From January 2012 to February 2023, a total of 285 patients were diagnosed with HCC.A total of 276 patients met the requirements of the inclusion criteria and were considered for further statistical analysis.

Descriptive Patient Analysis and Time Period Comparison (Table 1)
The first time period consisted of 128 patients (46.4% of the total patient population) and the second of 148 patients (53.6%).The incidence rate was 5.9 times higher in males compared to females.In the first time period, the median age of diagnosis was 73 years (SD 8.6) compared to 71 years (SD 8.5) in the second time period (p = 0.042).
During the first time period, 22 patients (17.2%) had HCC without underlying liver cirrhosis.This number increased to 47 (31.8%) during the second time period (p = 0.005).
Alcoholic liver disease was the most common underlying etiology, with a total of 139 patients (55.6%).Fifty-five patients (22%) had viral hepatitis and forty-three (17.2%) had underlying NASH.A total of 13 patients (5.2%) were classified as "other" (e.g., hemochromatosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and primary biliary cholangitis).There was no statistically significant change observed in the etiology of HCC between the two time categories (p = 0.353).
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) values were documented for 272 patients.A total of 116 patients (42.6%) had unelevated AFP levels (<7 ng/mL) and 156 (57.4%) had a raised AFP (≥7 ng/mL) level at the time of diagnosis.No difference could be observed between the various etiologies.Only 66 patients (24.3%) had an elevated AFP level ≥200 ng/mL, and 56 patients (20.6%) had an AFP level of ≥400 ng/mL.No significant change in AFP levels was observed over time (p = 0.199), despite the shift in etiology of the underlying liver disease.
Concerning the Child-Pugh scoring system, a total of 116 patients (42%) were classified as Child-Pugh A.
With regard to tumor staging, the majority of patients (40.6%, n = 112) were classified as BCLC-A at the time of diagnosis.The number of patients diagnosed at the advanced stage BCLC-C increased over time (p = 0.051).
Regarding the ALBI score, 30.6% (n = 83) of HCC patients were staged as ALBI grade 1. Significantly more patients were staged as ALBI grade 1 in the second time period (p < 0.001, Table 1).
There was no noteworthy change in histological grading over time (p = 0.196).The median size of the largest space-occupying lesion was 4.5 cm in both time periods.No statistically significant difference in the incidence of portal vein thrombosis, macrovascular invasion, enlarged lymph nodes, or distant metastases was observed over time.
Concerning comorbidities, no significant change was seen over time.The mean body mass index (BMI) for all patients was 28 (SD 4.5).The mean BMI of HCC patients at the time of diagnosis did not change over time (p = 0.871).
In our patient population, a total of seven orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTs) were performed in the first time period and six in the second (p = 0.580).
While surgical treatment remained stable over time, there was a significant shift from interventional to systemic treatments between the first and second observation period (p < 0.001).In a more detailed look at BCLC-B patients, a treatment migration away from surgical/interventional treatment towards more systemic therapy was evident (four patients (12.5%) in the first time period compared to two patients (6.9%) in the second time period).This occurrence cannot be evaluated statistically due to the low number of patients, as surgery is not a standard form of treatment for BCLC-B patients.However, 26 (81.3%) patients received ablative/interventional therapy in the first time period, compared to 11 (37.9%)patients in the second (p < 0.001), and only 2 (6.3%) patients received systemic drug treatment in the first time period, compared to 16 (55.2%)patients in the second (p < 0.001, Table 1). 2 and Supplementary Table S2)

Univariate Analysis of Median Survival Times (Table
The overall survival time was first calculated for the collective cohort to provide an overview of survival outcome (see Table 3).We thereafter also statistically analyzed the change in survival time between the two time periods in order to assess whether survival had improved after the introduction of new immunotherapeutic agents (see Supplementary Table S2).
When patients who had undergone OLTs were removed from the analysis, the median overall survival was 19.4 months (95% CI 15.9-22.9),with no significant change between the two time intervals (p = 0.902).
The median OS for HCC patients without liver cirrhosis was 22 months (95% CI 8.7-35.7)and those with cirrhosis had an OS of 20.2 months (95% CI 16.9-23.4,p = 0.262).No significant change in survival time for cirrhotic vs. noncirrhotic patients were found between time periods (p = 0.279).
Regarding survival and etiology, patients with alcohol as underlying cause had the shortest median OS of 18 (p = 0.868), or NASH (p = 0.970) as underlying etiology was found in cirrhotic compared to noncirrhotic patients.
No significant difference in overall survival for patients with cirrhosis versus noncirrhosis in BCLC-A and BCLC-C, respectively, was found (p = 0.977; p = 0.449).
No significant difference in overall survival for patients with cirrhosis versus noncirrhosis in BCLC-A and BCLC-C, respectively, was found (p = 0.977; p = 0.449).
Patients classified as Child-Pugh A had a survival time of 28.7 months (95% CI 19.8-37.6) in the first time period compared to 27 months (95% CI 12.8-41.3)in the second time period.Patients with Child-Pugh stage B had a survival time of 15.2 months (95% CI 9.3-21) and 11.8 months (95% CI 0.9-22.7) in the respective time periods and Child-Pugh C a survival time of 1.8 months (95% CI 0-3.6) in the first and 5.6 months (95% CI 0-13.7) in the second time period (p ≤ 0.001).
Concerning the ALBI score, patients graded as ALBI 1 had a median survival time of 34.6 months (95% CI 26-34.1).For patients classified as ALBI grade 2, the median survival time was 19.4 months (95% CI 15.1-23.6)and 6.6 months (95% CI 1-12.2) for ALBI grade 3.There is a significant change over time for survival of the various ALBI grades (p < 0.001) (see Figures 1C and 2C  Concerning the ALBI score, patients graded as ALBI 1 had a median survival time of 34.6 months (95% CI 26-34.1).For patients classified as ALBI grade 2, the median survival time was 19.4 months (95% CI 15.1-23.6)and 6.6 months (95% CI 1-12.2) for ALBI grade 3.There is a significant change over time for survival of the various ALBI grades (p < 0.001) (see Figures 1C and 2C).
There was no significant difference in OS observed in the different comorbidities or concomitant medication.Patients with a normal AFP level (<7) had a median survival time of 34.6 months (95% CI 22.8-46.3)and those with a raised AFP above 7 had a 14.6-month median survival time (95% CI 10.3-18.9).Patients with an AFP serum level >7 and ≤200 ng/mL had a median survival time of 20.7 months (95% CI 16.1-25.4).Those with an AFP >200 and ≤400 had a median survival time of 5.2 months (95% CI 3.2-7.2) and those with an AFP ≥ 400 had a 7.3 month (95% CI 4.4-10.3)survival time (p < 0.001).
There was no significant difference in OS observed in the different comorbidities or concomitant medication.
As survival time varies by etiology of HCC, we further looked at the different treatment categories for each etiology (see Table 3 for results).Except for MWA and RFA, etiology had no prognostic impact on overall survival according to the different treatments.Surgical treatments and systemic therapies including immunotherapy were significantly more often performed in noncirrhotic patients, while interventional treatments were more common in cirrhotic patients (p > 0.001).

Discussion
The incidence of HCC is known to be rising globally and the same was found in our cohort over time [14,15].Although underlying liver cirrhosis is known to be an important role player in the development of HCC, it is interesting to note that the proportion of HCC patients without liver cirrhosis notably increased in the second time period [1].
In contrast to HCC patients with liver cirrhosis, our data provided evidence for a significant difference in the underlying cause of HCC in noncirrhotic patients.Whereas HCC in existing cirrhosis was predominately found in the setting of alcoholic liver disease (known to be the most prevalent underlying cause in Austria), NASH was the cause of HCC in half of noncirrhotic patients and a clear upward trend in the number of NASH patients was demonstrated over time [11].In a large metanalysis performed by Stine et al., it was shown that in noncirrhotic patients, those with NASH had a higher risk of developing HCC [16].
The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease process starts with a nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), which may worsen and develop into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).NASH is characterized by steatosis and accompanied by hepatocyte inflammation, which may include fibrosis [17].Most noncirrhotic patients in our cohort had severe fibrosis according to the Fib-4 score.Patients with NAFLD are often found to also suffer from other components of the metabolic syndrome.One proposed hypothesis for the development of HCC in noncirrhotic NASH patients is the development of malignant HCC from a hepatocellular adenoma in the setting of metabolic syndrome [18,19].
Despite the increase in HCC in noncirrhotic patients, comorbid lifestyle diseases generally known as predisposing factors for the development of NASH did not significantly increase over time.It is, however, important to note that we still had a much higher incidence rate of diabetes in our cohort compared to the general population.Currently, the global incidence of diabetes in adults is around 10.5%, compared to 32% of patients in our cohort [20].The same is true for hypertension, as the worldwide incidence is around 30% of the population, compared to 61% of patients in our cohort [21].The incidence of hypertension was also significantly higher in the noncirrhotic group compared to cirrhotic.Although most patients in the overall cohort were overweight (BMI ≥ 25) at the time of diagnosis, no significant difference was evident between the cirrhotic and noncirrhotic group.Given the significantly higher rate of ascites in the cirrhotic patient group, it may have led to an overestimation of the true "dry" weight and therefore masked a higher BMI in noncirrhotic patients.
With regard to OS, patients in our cohort survived between 20 to 22 months.We did not observe any further difference in survival between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients.The similar OS rate of cirrhotic vs. noncirrhotic patients can be explained by the more advanced BCLC stage of noncirrhotic patients at the time of diagnosis.This finding highlights the lack of surveillance protocols for noncirrhotic patients.
AFP remains a common screening parameter used in practice today, but nearly half (43%) of patients did not have a raised AFP (<7 ng/mL) at the time of diagnosis.Fur-thermore, AFP was only elevated in 47% of the noncirrhotic patients, compared to 60% of cirrhotic patients.Our data are corroborated by a review written by Desai et al., where it was also found that AFP levels were only elevated in 31-67% of noncirrhotic cases, compared to 63-84% in cirrhotic patients [18].This finding might be attributed to the increase in serum AFP levels by liver cirrhosis itself.The combined use of ultrasound and AFP levels improves the sensitivity of HCC detection and is currently the screening regime of choice [22].Ultrasound screening should be performed biannually, and further imaging is warranted if either a lesion of ≥1 cm is detected or a lesion of <1 cm is accompanied by a rising AFP value [23].AFP levels, however, still correlated with OS and add a valuable contribution in predicting prognosis, as proven in numerous other studies [24][25][26].
To improve the early detection of HCC and surveillance of cirrhotic patients, Klinikum Klagenfurt introduced educational programs in the region after becoming an expert primary center for HCC in 2016.Our center therefore played an increasingly important role in facilitating the finding and evaluation of suspicious hepatic lesions and initiating individualized treatment plans.The relatively high rate of Child-Pugh A, BCLC-A, ALBI I, and significantly lower age at the time of diagnosis in the second time period might reflect the successful implementation of improved screening programs.
Regarding the treatment of HCC, 2018 marked the year of significant changes in the medical management of HCC after the approval and widespread availability of new immunotherapies within the European Union (EU) [27].The combination of Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab, newly introduced in 2018, replaced Sorafenib as the mainstay of systemic treatment for advanced HCC [13,28].The overall survival for the Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab combination was 67.2% compared to the 54.6% for Sorafenib alone, as well as a prolonged progression free survival of 6.8 months for the Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab combination compared to 4.3 months for Sorafenib [28].
The fact that less patients were staged as BCLC-B and more with BCLC-C in the second time period caused a treatment shift away from interventional therapies and led to an increasing number of patients being treated with systemic therapy.In other words, the concept of treatment-stage migration in BCLC-B caused a higher number of systemic therapies.
The retrospective analysis of the treatment modalities in our cohort also revealed a significant difference between noncirrhotic and cirrhotic patients, where systemic treatment was the most common first-line treatment of noncirrhotic patients, compared to interventional treatment in the cirrhotic group.The majority of noncirrhotic patients were staged as BCLC-C, which made them unsuitable candidates for interventional treatment.
Despite the introduction of the aforementioned novel substances, there was no significant improvement in the median overall survival time between the two time periods.However, OS still improved when compared to data collected in Austria over the past three decades.In a previous study conducted by our working group, regarding the epidemiology of HCC in Austria, patients diagnosed between 1990 and 1999, had a mean survival time of 2.6 months, those diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 had a 5.6-month survival time, and those diagnosed with HCC between 2010 and 2018 had an OS of 9.3 months (p < 0.001) [9].
The ALBI score represents a biochemical score, including serum bilirubin and albumin levels suggesting overall hepatic function [29].Our noncirrhotic patients were shown to have better liver function (higher rate of ALBI grade 1) at the time of diagnosis, despite being diagnosed at a later stage of disease according to the BCLC system.In another single-center cohort study, it was also shown that despite well-preserved liver function, the OSs of noncirrhotic HCC patients were not better compared to cirrhotic HCC patients due to late detection of disease [30].
Unfortunately, only 13 patients in our cohort received an OLT.This might be due to previous, long waiting lists for liver transplantations, causing patients to progress to more advanced stages of disease while awaiting surgery.Some patients also regrettably continued to consume excessive amounts of alcohol and were therefore excluded from the transplantation list.
This study was limited by the small study population and retrospective data collection.Our study was, however, strengthened by the inclusion of objective study parameters, such as laboratory values.Patient data were well documented and easily accessible in the electronic record keeping system.Klinikum Klagenfurt is a tertiary center and the third biggest hospital in Austria.It therefore has a large drainage area and receives referrals from all over the province of Carinthia.

Conclusions
The rising incidence of HCC warrants the identification of changes occurring in the epidemiology and underlying etiology of HCC.
More patients have been diagnosed without underlying liver cirrhosis in recent years.This group of patients was particularly interesting, as it demonstrated a different etiological pattern compared to HCC patients with underlying liver cirrhosis.NASH secondary to lifestyle diseases played a bigger role in the development of HCC in patients without cirrhosis compared to alcoholic liver disease in cirrhotic patients.
Since no improvement in OS was found, one could ask whether there is a need for new screening strategies to prevent a surveillance gap in noncirrhotic patients and improving survival outcomes in the future.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(A) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to Child-Pugh score.(B) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to BCLC.(C) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to ALBI score.Patients classified as Child-Pugh A had a survival time of 28.7 months (95% CI 19.8-37.6) in the first time period compared to 27 months (95% CI 12.8-41.3)in the second time period.Patients with Child-Pugh stage B had a survival time of 15.2 months (95% CI 9.3-21) and 11.8 months (95% CI 0.9-22.7) in the respective time periods and Child-Pugh C a survival time of 1.8 months (95% CI 0-3.6) in the first and 5.6 months (95% CI 0-13.7) in the second time period (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(A) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to Child-Pugh score.(B) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to BCLC.(C) Survival time of all patients including OLT according to ALBI score. ).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (A) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (A1) vs. time period 2 (A2) including OLT according to Child-Pugh score.(B) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (B1) vs. time period 2 (B2) including OLT according to BCLC.(C) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (C1) vs. time period 2 (C2) including OLT according to ALBI score.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (A) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (A1) vs. time period 2 (A2) including OLT according to Child-Pugh score.(B) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (B1) vs. time period 2 (B2) including OLT according to BCLC.(C) Survival time of patients in time period 1 (C1) vs. time period 2 (C2) including OLT according to ALBI score.

Table 1 .
Descriptive parameters comparing the two time periods.

Table 2 .
Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of patients diagnosed at Klinikum Klagenfurt between 2012 and 2023.

Table 4 .
HCC patients with liver cirrhosis compared to noncirrhotic patients.